Drivers of phenotypes' geographic mosaic patterns between Ficus semicordata and Philotrypesis dunia

One of the geographic mosaic theories of coevolution is that coevolutionary phenotypes diverge among populations,which shows mosaic geographic distribution.For Ficus and its non-pollinating fig wasps,Ficus could defend their seeds by thick fruit wall and non-pollinators would parasite inside fruits by injecting long ovipositor through fruit wall.To examine the spatial heterogeneity between Ficus and its non-pollinating fig wasps and reveal the most important factors that determine the traits divergence,Ficus semicordata var. semicordata and Philotrypesis dunia,one of its non-pollinating fig wasp species across 6 populations were investigated.By using ANOVA,linear regression and Redundancy Analysis,the results showed that both fruit wall thickness and non-pollinating fig wasps showed significant spatial divergence patterns.Mean temperature and precipitation of crop season have significant influence on the fruit wall thickness,according to Redundancy Analysis.Whereas,only fruit wall thickness has influence on the ovipositor length.Fruits protect their seeds against parasites and cold weather by allocating resources to wall thickness.Otherwise,fig wasps strengthen their offense by increasing whole body length.The results strongly indicate that for Ficus-non-pollinating fig wasps system,climatic factor is the most important drive on the divergence of fruit wall thickness.Stepwise,fruit wall thickness puts influence on the divergence of non-pollinating fig wasps ovipositor length.