Abstract: Asymmetric hydrogenation reaction plays an important role in the field of organic synthesis, because of its good atomic economy, stereoselectivity and environmental benefits. The core content of asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation reaction is chiral ligands and chiral catalysts. Among them, rhodium in transition metals shows excellent performance such as high catalytic activity and chemical stability. Chiral monodentate phosphine ligands have the advantages of simple synthesis method and easy availability of raw materials, making rhodium-monophosphine catalysts widely used in asymmetric hydrogenation reactions. Hence, the development of new chiral monophosphine ligands and rhodium catalysts with high catalytic efficiency is still an evolving field. In this paper, the development of chiral monodentate phosphine ligands is the main line. The chiral monodentate phosphine ligands, substrate structure, reaction conditions and product enantioselectivity involved in the reaction process are introduced in detail, in order to have a deep understanding of the application of rhodium-monophosphine catalyst in asymmetric hydrogenation reaction.