Abstract: The areas inhabited by ethnic communities in Yunnan Province are considered natural-cultural heritage sites, sustained across generations by traditional ecological wisdom and characterized by the interconnection of natural and social systems. However, rapid modernization and socio-economic development have led to continuous degradation of the ecological system. This study, based on the concept of resilience and utilizing multi-source data, constructs an ecological security pattern and an ecological resilience coupling framework from the perspectives of stability, suitability, redundancy, and diversity. It evaluates the ecological resilience of the Tibetan, Yi, and Dai communities in Yunnan from 2000 to 2020. The results show that, over the past 20 years, the overall ecological resilience level of inhabited ethnic locations has been at a medium level, with a yearly decreasing trend. Areas with a high level of resilience are mostly located in woodlands, characterized by continuous but fragmented distribution. Areas with low ecological resilience are primarily within 2 km of roads, significantly impacts by social disturbances from the road network. Over the past 20 years, the average ecological resilience index has been highest in the Dai ethnic locations (0.642), followed by the Yi (0.5602) and Tibetan (0.5344) locations. The factors affecting ecological resilience vary among the habitats of the ethnic groups, with geologic hazard protection security pattern and aquatic environment security pattern being the main influences.