Abstract: In this paper, the survey data of 84 Locust insects in Yongren area of Jinsha River Basin from June to September 2022 were collected by sweeping nets at an altitude range of 1 200 m to 2 400 m, and the pattern of species diversity index(species richness, abundance, Shannon diversity index, Chao-1 index)under the altitude gradient was analyzed. The main factors influencing the distribution of the communities were also analysed. The aim of this study was to explore the diversity and community structure of locust communities at different altitudes in the dry-hot valley, and to reveal the driving mechanism of locust community distribution pattern under the altitude pattern. The results showed that (1) Species composition: A total of 1094 locusts were collected and 49 species were identified, belonging to 6 families and 34 genera. (2) Distribution pattern: There were significant differences in species richness, abundance, Shannon's index and Chao-1 index among different elevation segments (P<0.05), and the diversity index showed a decreasing trend with the elevation gradient. There were significant differences in locust community structure among different elevation gradients, among which the high elevation segment Ⅳ was significantly different from the other elevation segments. (3) Discussion of influencing factors: Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) analysis showed that temperature factor, precipitation factor and land use were the main abiotic factors influencing the community distribution pattern, while variance decomposition further showed that temperature, precipitation, soil and land use had different degrees of influence. In conclusion, locust species diversity and community structure of locust were significantly different at different altitudes in the dry-hot valley area of the Jinsha River. Temperature, precipitation and land use were the main factors determining the community distribution pattern.